Annex 2.2. Main causes of soil degradation and prevention measures

Causes of soil degradation	When and why it comes out	Protection and prevention measures
Soil erosion by water	Steep slopes, concentration of water flow. Stormy rain or sudden snow melting and surface run-off	Slopes covered by grass and forest, anti-erosion crop rotation, special soil cultivation, fields exposition, land cultivation
Soil erosion by wind	Open fields for wind, peat and sandy soils	Trees and bushes strips, crop rotations, special soil cultivation, stubble and straw partly incorporated to soil
Soil density	Use of heavy machines on wet soil. Worsening of soil structure in heavy soil	Crop rotation, special soil cultivation, technological tracks, liming, increased use of organic fertilizer
Water pollution	Uncontrolled use of sludge and effluents on agricultural land. Unbalanced fertilizing, negligence in pesticides use. Spilling of oil products	Use of effluents, sludge, fertilizer, pesticides according regulations. Proper storage of oil products, pesticides and fertilizers

Annex 2.3. Groups of soil according to the content of organic matter, humus and storage of main nutrient for crop

Soil group	Humus %		Total N%	Mineral (NO3+NH4) kg/ha*	Mobile P2O5 mg/kg	Mobile K2O mg/kg
	Sandy loam, loam and clay	Sand			according Egner-Rim-Doming (A-L)	according Egner-Rim-Doming (A-L)
Enough rich storage	> 3	> 1.5	>0.4	>90	151-200	151-200
Medium rich storage	2-3	0.5-1.5	0.2-0.4	61-90	101-150	101-150
Insufficient storage	1-2	0.05	0.1-0.2	31-60	51-100	51-100
Very little storage	0-1	-	< 0.1	<30	0-50	0-50

* Mineral nitrogen is determined for the soil layer 0-40 cm, other indicators for the layer 0-20 cm

Annex 2.4. Crop composition in V. Liutkevicius demonstration farm

Former crop composition in 1999	Area ha	% of the total area	Crop composition recommended for 2000	Area ha	% of the total area
Cereals	22.7	27.4	Cereals	12.2	14.8
Leguminous crop	11	13.3	Leguminous crop	15	18.1
Winter crop	13.5	16.3	Winter crop	15	18.1
Row crop	13.2	16.0	Row crop	8.2	9.9
Perennial grass	22.3	27.0	Perennial grass	22.3	27.0
			Cereals with underseeding	5	6.0
			Lay	5	6.0
Total	82.7	100.0	Total	82.7	100.0

Annex 2.5. Grouping of crop

Crop	Crop groups
Winter rye, winter wheat, winter rape	Winter crops
Barley, oat, peas, beans, vetch, alfalfa, flax, spring rape	Spring crops
Sugar beet, semi-sugarbeet, fodder beet, Swedish turnip, fodder turnip, fodder carrots, potatoes, maize, fodder cabbage, sunflower	Row crops
Red clover, pink clover, birds'-foot trefoil, kidney vetch anthyllis, timothy, fescue, cock's-foot, meadow-grass	Perennial grass
Lupine, serradella, ryegrass, mixture of vetch and oat, maize for green fodder, red clover, pink clover, white sweet clover, sundial lupine	Green fallow (lay)

Annex 2.6. Crop's influence on the humus content in the soil

Crop	Decrease (- t/ha)	Increase (+ t/ha)
Cereals	1.0
Leguminous crops	0.8
Flax	1.1
Potatoes	2.0
Sugar and fodder beet	1.8
Maize	1.4
Mixture of vetch and oat for fodder	0.6
Alfalfa, clover		2.0
First year mixture of clover and ear grass		1.5
Second year mixture of clover and ear grass		1.0

Annex 2.7. Crops increasing and exploring soil fertility in nine-field crop rotation scheme

Crop value as forecrop	Field number	Crop
Increases soil fertility	1	Fallow (mixture of vetch and oat)
Exploit/ exhaust soil fertility	2	Winter crop
Increases soil fertility	3	Row crop (fertilised with organic fertilisers)
Exploit soil fertility	4	Spring crop
Exploit soil fertility	5	Spring crop
Increases soil fertility	6	Perennial grasses of I use year
Increases soil fertility	7	Perennial grasses of II use year
Exploit soil fertility	8	Winter crop
Exploit soil fertility	9	Spring crop

Annexes to chapter 3

Annex 3.1. Soil optimal reaction and added yield after liming of the acid soil

Crop	Soil optimal pH			Added yield t/ha
	Sand	Loamy sand	Loam
Winter rye	5.4	5.6	5.9	0.34
Winter wheat	-	5.8	6.5	0.62
Barley	5.1	5.9	6.2	0.81
Oat	5.2	5.3	6.0	0.37
Potatoes	4.8	5.3	5.6	2.32
Maize	5.7	6.3	-	11.08
Sugar beet	-	6.0	6.6	17.66
Mixture of clover and timothy for hay	-	5.8	6.4	2.55
Mixture of vetch and oat for hay	-	6.0	6.4	2.02
Lupine	5.2	5.2	5.3	-
Flax for stem	-	5.5	5.5	1.25

Annex 3.2. Recommended liming norms (active matter CaCO₃) t/ha
     

Soil texture
Sand				Loamy sand and sandy loam				Loam and heavy loam, clay				Peat
Soil type
Soddy podzolic			Soddy podzolic gleyic*	Soddy podzolic		Soddy podzolic gleyic		Soddy podzolic		Soddy podzolic gleyic		Bogs
Zones of Lithuanian agro-climate
pHKCl	Eastern and Central	Western	Eastern, Central and Western	Eastern and Central	Western	Eastern and Central	Western	Eastern and Central	Western	Eastern and Central	Western	Eastern, Central and Western
4.0	4.0	5.0	5.0	8.0	11.0	10.5	13.0	12.5	13.0	15.5	15.5	6.0
4.1	4.0	4.5	5.0	7.0	9.5	10.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	14.0	5.0
4.2	4.0	4.0	4.0	7.0	9.0	9.0	10.5	9.0	10.5	11.0	12.5	4.0
4.3	3.0	4.0	4.0	6.0	8.0	8.0	9.5	9.0	10.0	10.5	11.0	4.0
4.4	3.0	4.0	4.0	6.0	7.5	7.5	9.0	8.0	9.0	10.0	10.5	3.5
4.5	3.0	4.0	4.0	5.5	7.0	7.0	8.0	8.0	9.0	9.0	9.5	3.0
4.6	2.5	3.0	3.0	5.5	6.5	7.0	8.0	7.5	8.0	8.0	8.5	3.0
4.7	2.5	3.0	3.0	5.0	6.0	6.0	8.0	7.0	8.0	8.0	8.0	3.0
4.8	2.5	3.0	3.0	5.0	6.0	6.0	7.5	7.0	8.0	7.5	8.0	2.0
4.9	2.5	2.5	2.5	5.0	5.0	5.5	7.0	6.0	7.0	7.0	8.0	2.0
5.0	2.5	2.5	2.5	4.5	5.0	5.5	7.0	5.5	7.0	7.0	7.0	2.0
5.1	2.0	2.5	2.5	4.5	5.0	5.0	6.5	6.5	6.0	5.5	7.0	-
5.2	2.0	2.5	2.5	4.0	4.5	4.5	6.0	5.5	5.0	5.0	7.0	-
5.3	2.0	2.0	2.0	4.0	4.5	4.0	5.5	5.0	5.0	5.0	6.0	-
5.4	2.0	2.0	2.0	3.5	4.0	4.0	5.0	4.5	5.0	4.5	6.0	-
5.5	2.0	2.0	2.0	3.5	4.0	4.0	5.0	4.5	4.5	4.5	5.0	-

        
Annex 3.3. Draft figures for annual manure production per one animal and the amount of nutrients in manure (all figures are ex storage)

In 2001 a project on improved normatives of the amount of manure from various animal species and the fertilisation value standards will be elaborated. The project has participation of experts from institutions in Lithuania (LIA, LIAS and LAAS) and Denmark (DAAC, DIAS). The present draft figures are based on data determined in Lithuanian scientific institutions earlier, partly on draft figures from the mentioned project and partly on foreign figures.

Annex 3.5. Example of fertilization plan

Field No	Area ha	Previous crop	Crop of the year	Expected Yield t/ha	Data of soil analyses			Crop need for nutrients kg/ha			Cow manure, 40 t/ha			Mineral fertilizer
					pH	P2O5 mg/kg	K2O mg/kg	N	P2O5	K2O	N kg/ha	P2O5 kg/ha	K2O kg/ha	N	kg/ha	P	kg/ha	K	kg/ha
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
1	5	Grass	Winter wheat	5.0	6.5	130	150	114	59	100	0	0	0	Ammon. Nitrate	345	Super-phosphate	295	Potassium chloride	167
2	5	Winter wheat	Sugar beet	45	6.7	145	160	148	76	261	61.0	21.0	152	Ammon. Nitrate	256	Super-phosphate	275	Potassium chloride	182
3	5	Sugar beet	Spring barley	4	6.4	125	135	86	37	84	44.0	7.0	35	Ammon. Nitrate	124	Super-phosphate	150	Potassium chloride	82
4	5	Spring barley	Grass (clover)	5.5 SM	6.6	135	130	101	29	127	0	0	0	-	0	Super-phosphate	145	Potassium chloride	212
AVG for 1 ha														Ammon. Nitrate	179	Super-phosphate	216	Potassium chloride	161

Total need of fertilizer for 20 ha farm is 5050 kg ammonium nitrate, 4075 kg super-phosphate, 4385 potassium chloride

Columns 1-5 are filled from field plan indicating estimated yield.
Columns 6-8 are filled using soil agrochemical data from laboratory analyses.
Columns 9-11 are filled with the amount of nutrients taken from soil (Annex 3.4.) multiplied by expected yield.
Nutrient supplies from manure (columns 12-14) are calculated using Annex 3.3. First and second year nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptakes from manure may be found in Chapter 3 Table 3.1. Manure application of 40 t/ha for sugar beets was taken in our example; therefore, coefficient of first year nutrient uptake was used for sugar beets and second year uptake for spring barley.
Need of mineral fertilisers (columns 15-20) is calculated as following:

	For manure fertilized crops it is necessary to subtract the amount of nutrients coming with manure (columns 12-14) from nutrient need (columns 9-11) depending on the coefficient of nutrient uptake given in Chapter 3 Table 3.1. Nitrogen fertilisation of clover is not planned (column 16).
	Nitrogen need in the form of ammonium nitrate is calculated keeping in mind that it contains 34 kg N per 100 kg.
	Phosphorus need in the form of super-phosphate is calculated keeping in mind that it contains 20 kg P2O5 per 100 kg.
	Potassium need in the form of potassium chloride is calculated keeping in mind that it contains 60 kg K2O per 100 kg.

Notes: 

 

Type of barn and animal housing	Type of manure removal and storage	Ex animal	Left in pasture	In storage with litter	Ex storage	Applied on farmland
		kg	kg	kg	kg	kg
Sow with 18 piglets under 20 kg
In shallow pigsty	With transporter or other way	43.1	0	46	34.5	34.5
Fatling pigs (one animal from 20 to 100 kg weight per fatling cycle of 180 d.)
On slatted floor	Washing away with water or self-passing flow	5.4	0	5.4	3.8	3.8
In shallow pigsty	Transporter or other way	5.4	0	5.4	3.8	3.8
In deep pigsty	Stored in pigsty	5.4	0	8.5	6.8	6.8
Cows of milk productivity of 3000 kg
Tied housing	Transporter	76.8	30.5	49.4	42	72.5
Loose housing in boxes	Washing away with water	76.8	30.5	46.7	32.7	63.2
In deep barn	Stored in barn	76.8	30.5	56.3	50.7	81.2
Cows of milk productivity of 5000 kg
Tied housing	Transporter	106.5	42.3	67.3	57.2	99.5
Loose housing in boxes	Washing away with water	106.5	42.3	64.6	45.2	87.5
In deep barn	Stored in barn	106.5	42.3	74.2	66.8	109.1
Cows of milk productivity of 7000 kg
Tied housing	Transporter	134.9	53.6	84.5	71.8	125.4
Loose housing in boxes	Washing away with water	134.9	53.6	81.7	57.2	110.8
In deep barn	Stored in barn	134.9	53.6	91.4	82.2	135.8
Calves (one animal under 6 months old)
In deep barn	Stored in barn	10.8	0	12.3	10.5	10.5
From 4 months on slatted floors	Washing away with water	10.8	0	11.8	10	10
Tied housing	Transporter or other way	10.8	0	12.3	10.5	10.5
Heifers from 6 to 24 months old (on average)
In deep barn	Stored in barn	39.8	0	46.7	42	42
On slatted floors	Washing away with water	39.8	0	40.3	28.2	28.2
Tied housing	Transporter	39.8	0	41.8	35.6	35.6
Fatling cattle (to 420-500 kg weight or between 6 and 18-21 months old)
In deep barn	Stored in barn	66.8	0	75.1	67.6	67.6
On slatted floors	Washing away with water	66.8	0	67.4	47.2	47.2
Tied housing	Transporter	66.8	0	68.9	58.5	58.5
Beef cow with calf
In deep barn	Stored in barn	80.8	32.1	56.2	50.6	82.7
Horses (500 kg)
In stalls	Various way of manure removal	77.5	30.8	59.3	50.4	81.2
Sheep
In shallow or deep barn	Various way of manure removal	5.8	2.3	5.4	4.6	6.9
Hens
On deep litter	Stored in barn	0.77	0	0.87	0.8	0.8
In coops without litter	Transporter or other way	0.77	0	0.77	0.71	0.71
Chicken broilers
On deep litter	Stored in barn during feeding cycle	0.06	0	0.07	0.06	0.06
In coops without litter	Transporter or other way	0.06	0	0.06	0.06	0.06
Other poultry (ducks, geese, turkeys)
On deep litter	Stored in barn	1.79	0	1.96	1.81	1.81

     
Note: Nitrogen amounts in Annex 5.1 are calculated according to indoors period forage ration. The amount of nitrogen in bedding material is added. Nitrogen losses from manure in barn and during storage are subtracted. The amount of nitrogen left in pastures in form of faeces and urine during grazing and nitrogen losses that may arise during application and incorporation of manure are not subtracted.

5.2. Draft coefficients for calculation of animal units (AU)

Type of barn and animal housing	Type of manure removal and storage	AU units per animal	Number of animals per AU
Sow with 18 piglets under 20 kg weight
In shallow pigsty	With transporter or other way	0.35	2.9
Fatling pigs (one animal from 20 to 100 kg weight per fatling cycle of 180 d.)
On slatted floor	Washing away with water or self-passing flow	0.04	26.3
In shallow pigsty	Transporter or other way	0.04	26.3
In deep pigsty	Stored in pigsty	0.07	14.7
Cow of milk productivity of 3000 kg
Tied housing	Transporter	0.73	1.4
Loose housing in boxes	Washing away with water	0.63	1.6
In deep barn	Stored in barn	0.81	1.2
Cows of milk productivity of 5000 kg
Tied housing	Transporter	1.00	1.0
Loose housing in boxes	Washing away with water	0.88	1.1
In deep barn	Stored in barn	1.09	0.9
Cows of milk productivity of 7000 kg
Tied housing	Transporter	1.25	0.8
Loose housing in boxes	Washing away with water	1.11	0.9
In deep barn	Stored in barn	1.36	0.7
Calves (one animal under 6 months old)
In deep barn	Stored in barn	0.10	9.5
From 4 months on slatted floors	Washing away with water	0.10	10.0
Tied housing	Transporter or other way	0.10	9.5
Heifers from 6 to 24 months old (on average)
In deep barn	Stored in barn	0.42	2.4
On slatted floors	Washing away with water	0.28	3.5
Tied housing	Transporter	0.36	2.8
Fatling cattle (under 420-500 kg weight or between 6 and 18-21 months old)
In deep barn	Stored in barn	0.68	1.5
On slatted floors	Washing away with water	0.47	2.1
Tied housing	Transporter	0.59	1.7
Beef cow with calf
In deep barn	Stored in barn	0.83	1.2
Horses (500 kg)
In stalls	Various way of manure removal	0.81	1.2
Sheep
In shallow or deep barn	Various way of manure removal	0.07	14.6
Hens
On deep litter	Stored in barn	0.0080	124
In coops without litter	Transporter or other way	0.0071	141
Chicken broilers
On deep litter	Stored in barn during feeding cycle	0.0006	1632
In coops without litter	Transporter or other way	0.0006	1632
Other poultry (ducks, geese, turkeys)
On deep litter	Stored in barn	0.0181	55

   

Annex 5.3. Example of animal unit (AU) and animal density calculation for a farm

Animal	Housing, manure removal or storage system	One animal makes AU	Number of animals	AU on a farm
Sow with 18 piglets under 20 kg weight
In shallow pigsty	With transporter or other way	0.35	2	0.70
Fatling pigs (one animal from 20 to 100 kg weight per fatling cycle of 180 d.)
In shallow pigsty	With transporter or other way	0.04	32	1.28
Cow of milk productivity of 5000 kg
Tied housing	With transporter	1.00	20	20
Calves (one animal under 6 months old)
Tied housing	With transporter or other way	0.10	5	0.5
Heifers from 6 to 24 months old (on average)
Tied housing	With transporter	0.36	18	6.48
Fatling cattle (under 420-500kg weight or between 6 and 18-21 months old)
Tied housing	With transporter	0.59	8	4.72
Horses (500 kg)
Loose housing in stalls	Various way of manure removal	0.81	1	0.81
Sheep
In shallow or deep barn	Various way of manure removal	0.07	5	0.35
Hens
On deep litter	Stored in barn	0.0080	25	0.2
Total AU	35.04
Fertilised land ha	43.70
ANIMAL DENSITY, AU per ha	0.80

  
        
5.4. Minimal zooveterinarian distances between animal farms and other buildings not connected to the designed farm

Name of facility	Distance from the barn m
Livestock, pig, sheep, horses farms	150
Fur and rabbit farms	300
Poultry farms	200
Industrial poultry farms	1000
Meat-bone dust production plants	1000
Plants of building materials, enterprises of technical and technological agro service, feed production plants	100
Milk processing plants, productivity to 10 t per day	100
Milk processing plants, productivity more than 10 t per day	200
Slaughterhouses and meat processing plants, productivity to 10 t per shift	300
Slaughterhouses and meat processing plants, productivity more than 10 t per shift	1000
Stoppages for fruits, vegetables, potatoes and grain	50
Railway	100
Road, when traffic intensity, vehicles per day: More than 7000 (I category); 3001-7000 (II category); 701-3000 (III category; 250-700 (IV category); other cases	150 70 50 20 10
Storage for mineral fertilizer	200

Anex 5.5. Minimal distances of animal farms to water bodies in the aquifers protective zones

Description of water body	Distance from the barn m
To the borderline of water bodies, when slope of terraces no more than 10 degrees or width of the terrace no more than 150 m	100
To the upper edge of the slope of terrace when width of the terrace less than 150 m	50
From upper edge of the bank when only bank protective zones are determined – straightened rivers and channels of watershed smaller than 10 km2, and for lakes, and ponds when water surface is less than 0.5 ha	50

Annexes to chapter 6

Anex 6.1. Volumes of solid manure, liquid manure and slurry per one animal for 1 month manure storage *

Animal	With bedding		Without bedding
	Manure m3	Urine m3	Slurry m3	Water for cleaning m3
Cow of milk productivity of 3000 kg	1.47	0.41	1.37	0.60
Cow of milk productivity of 5000 kg	1.68	0.47	1.58	0.75
Cow of milk productivity of 7000 kg	1.86	0.53	1.76	0.80
Calf under 6 months old	0.29	0.04	Not recommended
Heifer from 6 to 24 months old	0.80	0.22	0.73	0.30
Fatling cattle from 6 to 21 months	1.06	0.29	0.99	0.45
Beef cow with calf	1.39	0.38	Not recommended
Sow with 18 piglets under 20 kg	0.49	0.13	0.43	0.15
Fatling pig from 20 to 100 kg	0.12	0.04	0.12	0.15 (0.03)**
Horse	1.33	0.00	Not recommended
Sheep	0.19	0.00
1000 chicken broilers	0.83	0.00
100 hens	0.46	0.00	1.1
100 other poultry (ducks, geese, turkeys)	1.00	0.00	Not recommended

*If to calculate manure outcome during pasture season then the volume of manure and urine for all cattle types, horses and sheep has to be increased by 15%.
**The amount of technological water when manure removes from the system itself.

Anex 6.2. Example of manure pad calculation for 6 months manure storage (height of manure pile is 2.5 m)

Animal	Manure from one animal per 1 month m3	Number of animals	Total volume of manure m3 per 1 month
Cow of milk productivity of 5000 kg	1.68	10	16.8
Calf under 6 months old	0.29	2	0.58
Heifer from 6 to 24 months old	0.80	8	6.4
Fatling cattle from 6 to 21 months	1.06	6	6.36
Sow with piglets	0.49	1	0.49
Fatling pig	0.12	4	0.48
Horses	1.33	1	1.33
Sheep	0.19	5	0.95
Hens	0.0046	28	0.13
TOTAL PER 1 MONTH m3	33.52
STORAGE PERIOD months	6
MANURE TOTAL PER PLANNED PERIOD m3	201.12
HEIGHT OF MANURE PILE in manure storage m	2.5
area of manure storage m2	80.5

Note: If to calculate the area of manure storage for another height of the pile then the height of the manure pile should be changed in the table and the stored manure volume should be divided by the needed height of the pile. If to calculate the area of manure storage for another manure storage period then the number of storage months should be changed in the table and the volume of manure should be multiplied by the needed number of months.

Anex 6.3. Example of liquid manure reservoir calculation at the solid manure pad for 6 month manure storage

Animal	Liquid manure from one animal per month m3	Number of animals	Total volume per month m3
Cow of milk productivity of 5000 kg	0.47	10	4.70
Calf under 6 months old	0.04	2	0.08
Heifer from 6 to 24 months old	0.22	8	1.76
Fatling cattle from 6 to 21 months	0.29	6	1.74
Sow with piglets	0.13	1	0.13
Fatling pig	0.04	4	0.16
Horses	0.00	1	0.0
Sheep	0.0	5	0.0
Hens	0.0	28	0.0
TOTAL PER 1 MONTH m3	8.57
STORAGE PERIOD months	6
LIQUID MANURE TOTAL PER PLANNED PERIOD m3	51.4

In addition washing effluents from barn and parlour, and water from precipitation for open reservoir can be calculated        

Additionally 0.3 m3 of water is used per cow per 1 month	Number of cows	10 x 0.3 x 6=	18.0
Precipitation from manure pad (0.037 m3 from 1m2 per 1 month)	Area m2	80.5 x 6 x 0.037=	17.9
TOTAL VOLUME INCLUDING PRECIPITATION AND EFFLUENTS m3	87.3

Note: If to calculate the area of liquid manure reservoir for another storage period then the number of storage months should be changed in the table and the volume of liquid manure should be multiplied by the needed number of months

Anex 6.4. Example of slurry reservoir calculation for 6 months manure storage

Animal	Volume of slurry from one animal m3	Water for manure washing m3	Total volume of slurry and water from washing m3	Number of animals	Total per month m3
Sow with 18 piglets till 20 kg	0.43	0.15	0.58	20	11.6
Fatling pigs	0.12	0.15	0.27	250	67.5
TOTAL PER 1 MONTH m3	79.1
STORAGE PERIOD months	6
SLURRY TOTAL PER PLANNED PERIOD m3	474.6
In addition precipitation for uncovered reservoir can be calculated
Precipitation from uncovered reservoir surface area S (0.037 m3 for 1 m2 per 1 month)			S x 0.037 x 6 =		Q
TOTAL VOLUME INCLUDING PRECIPITATION AND EFFLUENTS m3			474.6 +Q =

Note: If to calculate the volume of slurry reservoir for another storage period then the number of storage months should be changed in the table and the volume of slurry per 1 month should be multiplied by the needed number of months